Shared Bolts One factor to be considered with shared bolts is the thought that must be applied to the site-erection of the beams, where both beams must be held in position until at least some of the bolts have been installed. In most cases, especially with smaller beams this can be accomplished with a skilled […]
Shared Bolts and Interferences Read Article »
Fin-Plates with a Single Row of Bolts Fin-Plates with a Double Row of Bolts Tables Note that the values given for the number of vertical pitches of the bolt rows in Table 3 – should really only be used for estimating purposes. There are numerous variables affecting these values including bolt diameters, and of course
Standard Fin-Plate Connections Read Article »
Welded Fin-Plates, like End-Plates are cut from Plates or standard ‘Flats’ which are then drilled or punched to the required bolt pattern and shop-welded to the web of the supporting beam. The connecting beam web is match-drilled in the workshop to suit. Fin-Plates are not strictly flexible in the vertical plane, and as a consequence
Welded Fin Plates Read Article »
End Plates are probably the most versatile of all the flexible Connection types in that the may be used to connect beam-to-beam and bean to columns, both to the flange and web. They can also be used for skew connections at any angle. End-Plates are cut from Plate or ‘Flats’ which are drilled or punched
Welded End Plates Read Article »
Here we’ll look at standardizing cleats following on from what has been discussed under Bolted End-Cleats. It’s not an accident that the proposed standards align with Welded End-Plates. Though interchangeability is not really recommended, it does have advantages with regards to general Standardization. The standard cleats proposed below all assume a Standard Gauge – however,
Standard Cleats Read Article »
End Cleats are usually used to connect beam-to-beam – they may also be used for beam-to-column connections but there are limitations, which we’ll look at later in this article Cleats are usually fabricated from standard hot-rolled angle sections and may be configured either as ‘Single’ or ‘Double’. Single cleats offer many practical advantages, the most
Bolted End-Cleats Read Article »
The Welded-Tee connection is the most expensive to fabricate of all the connection types, they typically comprise of a flange and web-plate formed into a Tee, which is then welded to the top-flange and web of the supporting beam. The Tee may also be fabricated from a Tee-Cutting of a standard rolled section, usually matching
Welded Tee Connections Read Article »
There are basically 3- types of seating connections in common use, they include: The conventional Beam to Column Seating seat, where the beam is fastened perpendicular to the column. The Corbel, where the beam is fastened parallel to the column. The beam-to-beam crossover, where one beam sits at an angle on top of another. The
Seating Connections Read Article »
Beam-end clearances are necessary to to provide adequate assembly and erection tolerances. They take into account rolling mill and fabrication tolerances. The diagram below indicates the suggested clearance for flexible connections, including: Welded End-Plates Bolted End-Cleats Welded Fin-Plates, and Seating Connections When there are a string of beams erected along a single line, there is
Beam-End Clearances Read Article »
A beam-end notch will be necessary when connecting a beam directly to the web of the supporting beam – the connection itself may be any of the bolted connections including: an end-plate, fin-plate or a bolted cleat. Welded beam-to-beam connections will also need to be notched, but the method will be different from that of
Beam-End Notches (Copes) Read Article »
Standardization is the key to successful, efficient and economic detailing, the benefits of which are incalculable. It will reduce errors in the workshop and on site during erection and speed up the entire process from concept to commissioning. There are two main steps to standardization, the first may be outside of the realm of the
Standardization Read Article »
Bolt Standards In North America bolts are classified according to ASTM standards (American Society for the Testing of Materials) while in Europe, they are classified according to national standards of the individual states. Each state has its own national standards institute BSI, DIN, AFNOR, etc. with each operating independently. To establish common standards within the
Strength of Bolts Read Article »
